"Sistema di vutazzioni" : Diffirenzi ntrê virsioni

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Nu '''sistema di vutazzioni''' è nu prucessu pi facilitari nu pòpulu a esprimiri li soi ntinzioni pi quantu riguarda nu candidatu prifirutu pi qualegghiè pi menzu di vutari. L'attu di vutari è cchiù cumuni 'n elezzioni [[dimucrazzìa|dimucratichi]], unni facirmenti si tratta di candidati pi l'ufficiu pùbbricu, e li prifirenzi c'ammustra lu pòpulu ditèrmina cu vinci postu. Saprti di chissu, nu sistema di vutazzioni si pò usari pi dari li premî (p'asempiu, lu [[premiu Nobel]]) o pi scègghiri la megghia linia d'azzioni, p'asempiu, nta n'organizzazzioni.
[[Image:ElezioneBrunate.jpg|200px]]
A '''voting system''' is a process that allows a group of people to express their desires about a number of options, and selects one or more of those options as the winner based on the votes. [[Voting]] is best known for its use in [[democracy|democratic]] [[election]]s, in which case the options are candidates for [[public office]], and the preferences of the [[citizen]]s determine who gets to hold those offices. In addition, voting can be used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or for a [[computer program]] to decide on the best solution to a complex problem.
 
Spicificamenti, nu sistema di vutazzioni è nu mètudu pricisu pi carcurari lu risultatu di na vutazzioni. Pi èssiri cunziddiratu comu nu sistema di vutazzioni furmali, havi a èssiri discrittu pricisu pricisu ntôn modu pùbbricu; tutti hannu a sapiri di prima comu li voti vinnissiru accuntati.
Specifically, a voting system is a [[well-defined]] method (an [[algorithm]]) that determines a winning result given a set of votes. The process must be formally defined to be considered a voting system; the rules that specify how the votes will be counted must be known beforehand. This can be contrasted with [[consensus decision making]], another process for selecting an option based on people's preferences which, unlike a voting system, does not specify a precise way to determine the winning option.
 
La maggiuranza dî sistemi di vutazzioni hannu comu la sò basa l'idia ca la maggiuranza havi lu dirittu di dicidiri. Puru siddu si tratta di nu principiu assai sìmprici, nfatti s'attròvanu nu munzeddu di mètudi di vutari e d'accuntari li voti. Stu fattu asisti picchì nurmalmenti n'elezzioni nun si succedi cu sulu du scelti, dunca cchiù li scelti pussìbbili cchiù cumpricati hannu a èssiri li mètudi di vutazzioni. Sparti di chissu, avemu a cunziddirari autri attribbuti, comu quantu difinnuta na pupulazzioni è, la grannizza dûn paisi, li ntiressi dû pòpulu dî citati contra chiddi di campagna, eccetra.
The study of formally defined voting systems is called ''voting theory'', which can be seen as a subfield of [[political science]], [[economics]] and [[mathematics]]. Voting theory began to develop primarily in the [[18th century]], and its practitioners have since proposed several approaches to the voting process.
 
Most voting systems are based on the concept of [[majoritarianism|majority rule]], or the principle that a group of more than half of the voters should be able to get the outcome they want. Given the simplicity of majority rule, those who are unfamiliar with voting theory are often surprised that such a variety of voting systems exists.
 
== Liami esterni ==
If every election had only two choices, in fact, the winner could always be determined using majority rule alone. However, when there are three or more options, there may not be a single option that is preferred by a majority. The goal of most voting systems is to give a sufficiently fair way to choose the winner in such a situation. Different voting systems arise from different approaches to this goal and [[effects of different voting systems under similar circumstances|their behaviour can vary wildly]].
 
* [http://electorama.com/em Election methods list] ADiscussioni mailingdi listsistemi fordi technical discussions about election methodsvutazzioni.
== Aspects of voting systems ==
 
Each voting system specifies the ''ballot'', which defines the set of allowable votes, and the ''voting method'' or ''tallying method'', an algorithm for determining the outcome from those votes. This outcome may be a single winner, or may involve multiple winners such as in the election of a [[legislative body]]. The voting system may also specify how voting power is distributed among the voters, and how to divide the voters into groups ([[constituencies]]) whose votes are counted independently.
 
The real-world implementation of an election is generally ''not'' considered part of the voting system. For example, though a voting system specifies the ballot abstractly, it does not specify whether the actual physical [[ballot]] takes the form of a piece of paper, a punch card, or a [[electronic voting|computer display]]. A voting system also does not specify whether or how votes are kept secret, how to verify that votes are counted accurately, or who is [[enfranchisement|allowed to vote]] at all. These are aspects of the broader topic of [[election]]s and ''election systems''.
 
[[Image:Plurality ballot.svg|thumb|right|In a simple [[Plurality electoral system|plurality]] ballot, the voter is allowed to mark only one option.]]
 
== External links ==
 
;General
* [http://electorama.com/em Election methods list] A mailing list for technical discussions about election methods.
* [http://wiki.electorama.com/wiki/Main_Page Electowiki] A wiki that focuses on voting theory.
* [http://theorem.ca/~mvcorks/code/voting_methods.html Evaluating Voting Methods] by Matt Corks
* [http://dmoz.org/Society/Politics/Campaigns_and_Elections/Voting_Systems/ Open Directory Project] category on voting systems
* [http://stv.sourceforge.net/ pSTV] Software for computing a variety of voting systems including IRV, STV, and Condorcet.
* [http://www.maa.org/editorial/knot/LiberalArts.html Student's Social Choice] by Alex Bogomolny. Illustrates various concepts of choice using [[Java platform|Java]] applets.
* [http://xaravve.trentu.ca/pivato/Teaching/voting.pdf Voting, Arbitration, and Fair Division] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Marcus Pivato.
* [http://fc.antioch.edu/~james_green-armytage/voting.htm Voting methods: tutorial and essays] by James Green-Armytage
* [http://lark.cc.ku.edu/~pauljohn/Ukraine/PJ3_VotingSystemsEssay.pdf Voting Systems] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Paul E. Johnson. AL'argumentu textbook-styledi overviewdiversi ofmètudi votinge methodsli andsoi theirattribbuti mathematical propertiesmatimàtici.
 
;Advocacy
* [http://math.temple.edu/~wds/crv Center for Range Voting]
* [http://fairvote.org/ Center for Voting and Democracy] Advocates using IRV in the United States.
* [http://condorcet.org/ condorcet.org] Advocates Condorcet voting and provides links to vote-tallying software.
* [https://www.discover.com/issues/nov-00/features/featbestman/ May the Best Man Lose] A Discover article on Approval voting and the Borda Count, by Dana Mackenzie.
 
;Research papers
* [http://www.mfo.de/programme/schedule/2004/11b/OWR_2004_14.pdf Analysis and Design of Electoral Systems] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) Proceedings of a seminar at the Mathematical Research Institute at Oberwolfach, Germany.
* [http://home.uchicago.edu/~rmyerson/research/perspec.pdf Analysis of Democratic Institutions: Structure, Conduct and Performance] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) An article by Roger B. Myerson that analyzes voting systems economically.
* PhD seminar on [http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~rnau/choice/choice09.pdf Choice Theory] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Robert Nau.
* [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~conitzer/MLEvotingUAI05.pdf Common Voting Rules as Maximum Likelihood Estimators] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Vincent Conitzer and Tuomas Sandholm.
* [http://www.citizensassembly.bc.ca/resources/submissions/csharman-10_0409201706-143.pdf A New Monotonic and Clone-Independent Single-Winner Election Method] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Markus Schulze ([http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/demexp-dev/2003-09/pdflQW7IlpAfC.pdf mirror1], [http://www.mcdougall.org.uk/VM/ISSUE17/I17P3.PDF mirror2]). Introduces the [[Schulze method]] and its use in the [[Debian]] project.
* [http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~elkind/hybrid.pdf Hybrid Voting Protocols and Hardness of Manipulation] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Edith Elkind and Helger Lipmaa.
* [http://www.hss.caltech.edu/Events/SCW/Papers/merlv.pdf On the impact of indifferent voters on the likelihood of some voting paradoxes] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Vincent Merlin and Fabrice Valognes.
*[http://personal.lse.ac.uk/DOWDING/Files/Manipulaiton_web_04_05.pdf In Praise of Manipulation] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Martin van Hees and Keith Dowding. Examines strategic voting from an ethical point of view.
* [http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~conitzer/tweakIJCAI03.pdf Universal voting protocol tweaks to make manipulation hard] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Vincent Conitzer and Tuomas Sandholm.
*[http://www.pubchoicesoc.org/papers2005/Moser.pdf Voting by Adaptive Agents in Multi-candidate Elections] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) by Scott Moser.
 
[[Category:Pulìtica]]