"Massacru di San Bartulumeu" : Diffirenzi ntrê virsioni
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[[File:Francois Dubois 001.jpg|thumb|Dipintu di [[François Dubois]] (natu cicca nto lu 1529, Amiens, Picardy)]]
Lu '''Massacru di San Bartulumeu''' (''Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy'' nta lingua francisi) fu n'undata di viulenza pupulari contra li [[Ugunotti]] (li prutistanti calvinisti francisi), duranti li [[guerri francisi di
Tradizziunalmenti fuorri pinzati istigati di [[Caterina de' Medici]], 'a matri di lu re [[Carlu IX di Francia|Carlu IX]], lu massacru appi locu sei jorna doppu lu matrimoniu di la soru di la riggina a lu prutistanti [[Enricu IV di Francia|Enricu di Navarra]].<br />
Chissa fu n'occasiuni pi nu munzeddu di binistanti ugunotti pi arrivari a [[Pariggi]] [[cattolicesimu|cattolica]].
Li iventa accuminzaru dui jorna doppu lu tintatu assassiniu di l'[[ammiragghiu]] [[Gaspard de Coligny]], nu [[bossi]] militari ugunottu.<br />
A partiri di lu [[24 di austu]] dû [[1572]] (a festa di [[Bartulumeu l'apostulu]]) cu l'assassiniu di Coligny, li massacri si sparpagghiaru fora a Pariggi, e chiù tardu a l'autri citati e ntê ciusi, durannu diversi misa.<br />
<!-- The exact number of fatalities is not known, but it is estimated that anywhere from ten thousand to possibly one-hundred thousand Huguenots died in the violence throughout France. Though by no means unique, "it was the worst of the century's religious massacres." <ref>H.G. Koenigsberger, George L.Mosse, G.Q. Bowler, "Europe in the Sixteenth Century", Second Edition, Longman, 1989</ref> The massacres marked a turning-point in the [[French Wars of Religion]]. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and those who remained were increasingly radicalized.
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*Catherine de' Medici: according to tradition, the Queen Mother worried that the king was increasingly becoming dominated by Coligny. Amongst other things, Catherine feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. Nevertheless, it is difficult to believe in her culpability today, given the efforts the Queen Mother had made to ensure the peace and tranquility of the state. If she was not the author of the assassination attempt, however, she may at least have been aware of what the Guises or the Spanish were planning.
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The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader. Aware of the danger from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him the culprits would be punished. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice. Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris <ref>Mack P. Holt ''The French Wars of Religion 1562-1626'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995 ed.)</ref> and, though there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. That very evening, Catherine held a meeting at the [[Tuileries]] Palace with her Italian advisers and Baron de Retz.
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From August to October, similar apparently spontaneous massacres of Huguenots took place in other towns, such as [[Toulouse]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon]], [[Bourges]], [[Rouen]], and [[Orléans]]. The number of victims is unknown. Contemporary Protestant sources, such as the <u>Martyrologe des Huguenots</u> (1582) put the number of dead at several hundred; later polemics claim as many as 100,000. At any rate only a short time afterwards the reformers were preparing for a fourth civil war.
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[[Mmàggini:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg|thumb|right|The murder of [[Gaspard de Coligny]], as depicted in a mural by [[Giorgio Vasari]].]]
[[Image:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg|thumb|right|The murder of [[Gaspard de Coligny]], as depicted in a mural by [[Giorgio Vasari]].]] Pope [[Gregory XIII]] ordered a [[Te Deum]] to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto ''Ugonottorum strages 1572'' showing an angel bearing a cross and sword next to slaughtered Protestants.<ref>Carter Lindberg: ''The European Reformations'' (Blackwell, 1996) p.295. See illustration of the medal here [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gregory_XIII_medal.jpg]</ref> He also commissioned the artist [[Giorgio Vasari]] to paint three murals in the [[Sala Regia]] depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus the pope designated [[11 September]] [[1572]] as a joint commemoration of the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] and the massacre of the Huguenots".<ref>E. Howe: ''Architecture in Vasari's "Massacre of the Huguenots"'' (Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 39, 1976 (1976), pp. 258-261) [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0075-4390(1976)39%3C258%3AAIV'OT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X]</ref> The Catholic Church has never formally and unequivocally apologized, since according to the Catholic viewpoint what was being celebrated was not the massacre of Huguenots but the defeat of only the most recent of many Huguenot attempted coups to take power in France.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Saint Bartholomew's Day|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13333b.htm}}</ref>▼
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In Paris, the poet [[Jean-Antoine de Baïf]], founder of the ''[[Academie de Musique et de Poésie]]'', wrote a sonnet extravagantly praising the killings. On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, [[Maximilian II]], King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as "shameful". Moderate French Catholics also began to wonder whether religious uniformity was worth the price of such bloodshed and they began to form a movement, the [[Politiques]], which placed national unity above sectarian interests.
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Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. {{fact|date=November 2007}} [[Elizabeth I]]'s ambassador to France at that time, [[Sir Francis Walsingham]], barely escaped with his life. <ref>According to Stephen Budiansky in chapter 1 of ''Her Majesty's Spymaster: Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Birth of Modern Espionage'' (Viking, 2005)</ref>
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Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has inevitably aroused a great deal of controversy. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family:
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The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into the [[D.W. Griffith]] film ''[[Intolerance (movie)|Intolerance]]'' (1916). The film follows [[Catherine de' Medici]] ([[Josephine Crowell]]) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, [[Marguerite de Valois]] ([[Constance Talmadge]]), [[Admiral Coligny]] ([[Joseph Henabery]]) and [[François, Duke of Anjou]] who is portrayed as homosexual. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events.
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<references />
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*Denis Crouzet : ''Les Guerriers de Dieu. La violence au temps des troubles de religion vers 1525-vers 1610'', Champvallon, 1990 (ISBN 2-87673-094-4), ''La Nuit de la Saint-Barthélemy. Un rêve perdu de la Renaissance'', Fayard, coll. « Chroniques », 1994 (ISBN 2-213-59216-0) ;
*Jean-Louis Bourgeon : ''L'assassinat de Coligny'', Genève, Droz, 1992. ''Charles IX devant la Saint-Barthélemy'', Droz, coll. « Travaux d'histoire éthico-politique », 1995 (ISBN 2-600-00090-9) ;
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*Note: this article incorporates material from the [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_la_Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy French Wikipedia].
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{{Commons|St. Bartholomew's Day massacre}}
*[http://www.reformation.org/bart.html A short account including a contemporary painting of the massacre and photos of the papal medal.] Use for multimedia purposes only, biased and inaccurate source.
*[http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0824almanac.htm Brief account] The papal medal and other illustrations.
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13333b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] The Catholic Encyclopedia's entry on the Massacre
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[[Catigurìa:Storia]]
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